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UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

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mark.bitterlich(at)navy.m
Guest

Posted: Fri Sep 14, 2007 1:45 pm Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Uh Doc...  I think highly of you my friend, but with all due respect, I

think the gas from the beans you ate last night might be influencing

your line of thinking here. Bernoulli's Principle does not apply in this

case.  There is no "Venturi" no matter how hard you try to make it look

that way, and even if there was, the rules that impact the question do

not come from Mr. Bernoulli.  Instead you might want to remember Mr.

Boyle.  To wit: 

Quote:



The mathematical equation for Boyle's law is:



where:



p denotes the pressure of the system. 

V is the volume of the gas. 

k is a constant value representative of the pressure and volume of the

system. 



So long as temperature remains constant at the same value the same

amount of energy given to the system persists throughout its operation

and therefore, theoretically, the value of k will remain constant.

However, due to the derivation of pressure as perpendicular applied

force and the probabilistic likelihood of collisions with other

particles through collision theory, the application of force to a

surface may not be infinitely constant for such values of k, but will

have a limit when differentiating such values over a given time.



Forcing the volume V of the fixed quantity of gas to increase, keeping

the gas at the initially measured temperature, the pressure p must

decrease proportionally. Conversely, reducing the volume of the gas

increases the pressure.



Boyle's law is commonly used to predict the result of introducing a

change, in volume and pressure only, to the initial state of a fixed

quantity of gas. The "before" and "after" volumes and pressures of the

fixed amount of gas, where the "before" and "after" temperatures are the

same (heating or cooling will be required to meet this condition), are

related by the equation:



p1V1 = p2V2 

Boyle's law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law form the combined gas

law. The three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be

generalized by the ideal gas law.



END QUOTE



So yes Tim... ANY line that you put between the tank and the original

line that is smaller than the original could CLEARLY cause this to

happen.  In addition you have added LENGTH (I think?)  If you have, then

your line from your new tank to where you hook it to the old line (did

you run it the whole way?) to be safe should have been even LARGER than

what was original.  



Sorry to disagree with you Doc, but ... You must have been breathing

some of the NOS.....  



Mark Bitterlich

N50YK



--

viperdoc(at)mindspring.co
Guest

Posted: Fri Sep 14, 2007 6:20 pm Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Mark,

You are absolutely correct in your reference to Boyle's law, Charles Law,

and Avagadro's law as they reference fluids at rest. In this case you are

looking at a fluid in motion. The term "fluid" applies to both a liquid and

a gas. A tube (line) having a constriction section between a larger diameter

inlet and the outlet section is called a "venture tube". In this case, a

smaller diameter tube in between two larger diameter tubes (lines). Whereas

point a is the entry point and point b is the exit point of the fluid as it

flows from the larger diameter tube to the end of the smaller diameter tube

you have introduced a constriction. So basically, you have flow thru a

constriction. In other words when you have a fluid flowing through a pipe of

varying cross-sectional area there can be no accumulation between a and b,

provided that fluid is incompressible. Hence the mass of the fluid passing

through the cross section A1 with speed v1 must equal the mass passing in

the same time (t) through cross section A2 with speed v2, where rho (p) is

the density of the fluid (since my computer does not do the Greek alphabet,

rho is p in this case).

A1v1pt = A2v2pt 

So since A1v1 = A2v2, it follows that the speed of flow in a pipe is greater

in those regions where there is a constriction in the cross-section area

(A). [The smaller diameter tube (line)]. Furthermore, the speed is greater

at point b than at a, the fluid experiences an acceleration between a and b.

This requires an accelerating force. This accelerating force can be present

only if the pressure at point a is greater than the pressure a point b. So

in a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure is least where the speed is

greatest. So when a gas or a liquid enters the narrow part of the tube (the

constriction), it speeds up in the narrow part of the tube (line) and there

is a corresponding drop in pressure.

Bernoulli's theorem looks at the relationship between the pressure at any

point in a fluid and velocity of the fluid at that point. The movement of

the particles of fluid in a linear line through the tube is defined as a

streamline. Bernoulli's theorem states that at any two points along a

streamline the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and

the potential energy per unit volume has the same value. 

Now the mathematical expression of that is as follows:

P1 +1/2pv1 squared + pgh1 = P2 = 1/2 pv2 squared +pgh2.

P = pressure

P = rho (density)

V = volumne

g = gravity 

h = head [in a pressure- depth relation the depth (h) is frequently called

the "head"]. In a Pressure head, the h is equal to P/pg {p = rho (density of

the fluid)  and g = gravity}

So applying Bernoulli's theorem to the case of a horizontal  pipe that has a

constriction you can determine the rate of flow of the fluid passing through

if you know the pressure of the fluid and the area of the pipe at the widest

part or at the narrowest part by simply rearranging the equation for the

unknown. 

So if you want to know P2 (the exit pressure for the narrow segment)

rearrange the equation to read as:

 P2 = P1 + pg(h1-h2) +p/2(v1 squared - v2 squared).

Now having said all that, Bernoulli's theorem has many applications. The

carb is an atomizer, the filter pump is an aspirator, and our wing, the air

foil. Last but not least is the 2 year old child lying on the stretcher in

ER unable to breath due to bacterial epiglotitis obstructing the larynx

caused by Strep. In this case, the orifice (larynx) is narrowed by a

edematous epiglottis impeding flow of air. By manipulating the viscosity of

the gas by adding helium to the O2, we can support that child (maintain the

%Sat = 02 saturation) long enough to get them to the OR to intubate them. I

did not discuss viscosity as it affects the flow of a fluid through a

constriction did I?

For a further explaination, I refer you to College Physics by , Weber,

White, Manning and Waygand, Chapter 13, "Fluids in Motion", pp.241-255. Well

you do not have to go to my specific textbook, anyone that discusses fluid

mechanics can clarify this.

Doc



--

brian-1927(at)lloyd.com
Guest

Posted: Fri Sep 14, 2007 9:01 pm Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

On Sep 14, 2007, at 7:19 PM, viperdoc wrote:



 	  Quote: 	
		   



 Mark,

 You are absolutely correct in your reference to Boyle's law,  

 Charles Law,

 and Avagadro's law as they reference fluids at rest. In this case  

 you are

 looking at a fluid in motion. The term "fluid" applies to both a  

 liquid and

 a gas. A tube (line) having a constriction section between a larger  

 diameter

 inlet and the outlet section ...


	


lots of stuff removed



 	  Quote: 	
		   Now having said all that, Bernoulli's theorem has many  

 applications. The

 carb is an atomizer, the filter pump is an aspirator, and our wing,  

 the air

 foil. Last but not least ...


	


is a lot of stuff that really doesn't have any application.



Doc, sometimes a restriction is just a restriction.



(With apologies to Dr. Sigmund Freud.)



--

Brian Lloyd                         3191 Western Drive

brian HYPHEN 1927 AT lloyd DOT com    Cameron Park, CA 95682

+1.916.367.2131 (voice)             +1.270.912.0788 (fax)



I fly because it releases my mind from the tyranny of petty things . . .

— Antoine de Saint-Exupéry



PGP key ID:          12095C52A32A1B6C

PGP key fingerprint: 3B1D BA11 4913 3254 B6E0  CC09 1209 5C52 A32A 1B6C

Scooter

Joined: 10 Jan 2006
Posts: 155

Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 4:42 am Post subject: Re: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Well, just have to toss this in.  These threads remind me of this classic monty python skit:



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y05EmK66Gsk

viperdoc(at)mindspring.co
Guest

Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 4:49 am Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Shack! And the pressure decreases in the restriction as the flow increases

with resultant turbulence/eddying/whatever to flow as it exits the

restricted area that results in loss of energy. That really is not lost when

considering that it is converted from kinetic to potential energy.

Bottom line is a restriction is a constriction that means Tim's gotta go on

the jacks again an listen for his affliction!

Good luck, Tim.

Doc



--

yakplt(at)yahoo.com
Guest

Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 11:29 am Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Doc...... I disagree.  

   

  Mark

  



viperdoc <viperdoc(at)mindspring.com> wrote:

  [quote]--> Yak-List message posted by: "viperdoc" 



Mark,

You are absolutely correct in your reference to Boyle's law, Charles Law,

and Avagadro's law as they reference fluids at rest. In this case you are

looking at a fluid in motion. The term "fluid" applies to both a liquid and

a gas. A tube (line) having a constriction section between a larger diameter

inlet and the outlet section is called a "venture tube". In this case, a

smaller diameter tube in between two larger diameter tubes (lines). Whereas

point a is the entry point and point b is the exit point of the fluid as it

flows from the larger diameter tube to the end of the smaller diameter tube

you have  introduced a constriction. So basically, you have flow thru a

constriction. In other words when you have a fluid flowing through a pipe of

varying cross-sectional area there can be no accumulation between a and b,

provided that fluid is incompressible. Hence the mass of the fluid passing

through the cross section A1 with speed v1 must equal the mass passing in

the same time (t) through cross section A2 with speed v2, where rho (p) is

the density of the fluid (since my computer does not do the Greek alphabet,

rho is p in this case).

A1v1pt = A2v2pt 

So since A1v1 = A2v2, it follows that the speed of flow in a pipe is greater

in those regions where there is a constriction in the cross-section area

(A). [The smaller diameter tube (line)]. Furthermore, the speed is greater

at point b than at a, the fluid experiences an acceleration between a and b.

This requires an accelerating force. This accelerating force can be present

only if the  pressure at point a is greater than the pressure a point b. So

in a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure is least where the speed is

greatest. So when a gas or a liquid enters the narrow part of the tube (the

constriction), it speeds up in the narrow part of the tube (line) and there

is a corresponding drop in pressure.

Bernoulli's theorem looks at the relationship between the pressure at any

point in a fluid and velocity of the fluid at that point. The movement of

the particles of fluid in a linear line through the tube is defined as a

streamline. Bernoulli's theorem states that at any two points along a

streamline the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and

the potential energy per unit volume has the same value. 

Now the mathematical expression of that is as follows:

P1 +1/2pv1 squared + pgh1 = P2 = 1/2 pv2 squared +pgh2.

P = pressure

P = rho (density)

V = volumne

g = gravity 

h = head [in a  pressure- depth relation the depth (h) is frequently called

the "head"]. In a Pressure head, the h is equal to P/pg {p = rho (density of

the fluid) and g = gravity}

So applying Bernoulli's theorem to the case of a horizontal pipe that has a

constriction you can determine the rate of flow of the fluid passing through

if you know the pressure of the fluid and the area of the pipe at the widest

part or at the narrowest part by simply rearranging the equation for the

unknown. 

So if you want to know P2 (the exit pressure for the narrow segment)

rearrange the equation to read as:

P2 = P1 + pg(h1-h2) +p/2(v1 squared - v2 squared).

Now having said all that, Bernoulli's theorem has many applications. The

carb is an atomizer, the filter pump is an aspirator, and our wing, the air

foil. Last but not least is the 2 year old child lying on the stretcher in

ER unable to breath due to bacterial epiglotitis obstructing the larynx

caused by  Strep. In this case, the orifice (larynx) is narrowed by a

edematous epiglottis impeding flow of air. By manipulating the viscosity of

the gas by adding helium to the O2, we can support that child (maintain the

%Sat = 02 saturation) long enough to get them to the OR to intubate them. I

did not discuss viscosity as it affects the flow of a fluid through a

constriction did I?

For a further explaination, I refer you to College Physics by , Weber,

White, Manning and Waygand, Chapter 13, "Fluids in Motion", pp.241-255. Well

you do not have to go to my specific textbook, anyone that discusses fluid

mechanics can clarify this.

Doc



--

viperdoc(at)mindspring.co
Guest

Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 1:57 pm Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

No sweety Da…  

The # of the banoyete light bulb in my gear indicator is T1864!  

Chec yo tips for grass stains :>)) I think there is only one YAK I would like to have more that the mighty 50…the 9! Check the 9 out on Airshow.com.  

   

Doc  

     

From: owner-yak-list-server(at)matronics.com [mailto:owner-yak-list-server(at)matronics.com] On Behalf Of Yak Pilot

 Sent: Saturday, September 15, 2007 2:28 PM

 To: yak-list(at)matronics.com

 Subject: RE: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50  

  

     

Doc...... I disagree.    

    

   

    

Mark  

    



 

 viperdoc <viperdoc(at)mindspring.com> wrote:  

  [quote]  

--> Yak-List message posted by: "viperdoc" 

 

 Mark,

 You are absolutely correct in your reference to Boyle's law, Charles Law,

 and Avagadro's law as they reference fluids at rest. In this case you are

 looking at a fluid in motion. The term "fluid" applies to both a liquid and

 a gas. A tube (line) having a constriction section between a larger diameter

 inlet and the outlet section is called a "venture tube". In this case, a

 smaller diameter tube in between two larger diameter tubes (lines). Whereas

 point a is the entry point and point b is the exit point of the fluid as it

 flows from the larger diameter tube to the end of the smaller diameter tube

 you have introduced a constriction. So basically, you have flow thru a

 constriction. In other words when you have a fluid flowing through a pipe of

 varying cross-sectional area there can be no accumulation between a and b,

 provided that fluid is incompressible. Hence the mass of the fluid passing

 through the cross section A1 with speed v1 must equal the mass passing in

 the same time (t) through cross section A2 with speed v2, where rho (p) is

 the density of the fluid (since my computer does not do the Greek alphabet,

 rho is p in this case).

 A1v1pt = A2v2pt 

 So since A1v1 = A2v2, it follows that the speed of flow in a pipe is greater

 in those regions where there is a constriction in the cross-section area

 (A). [The smaller diameter tube (line)]. Furthermore, the speed is greater

 at point b than at a, the fluid experiences an acceleration between a and b.

 This requires an accelerating force. This accelerating force can be present

 only if the pressure at point a is greater than the pressure a point b. So

 in a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure is least where the speed is

 greatest. So when a gas or a liquid enters the narrow part of the tube (the

 constriction), it speeds up in the narrow part of the tube (line) and there

 is a corresponding drop in pressure.

 Bernoulli's theorem looks at the relationship between the pressure at any

 point in a fluid and velocity of the fluid at that point. The movement of

 the particles of fluid in a linear line through the tube is defined as a

 streamline. Bernoulli's theorem states that at any two points along a

 streamline the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and

 the potential energy per unit volume has the same value. 

 Now the mathematical expression of that is as follows:

 P1 +1/2pv1 squared + pgh1 = P2 = 1/2 pv2 squared +pgh2.

 P = pressure

 P = rho (density)

 V = volumne

 g = gravity 

 h = head [in a pressure- depth relation the depth (h) is frequently called

 the "head"]. In a Pressure head, the h is equal to P/pg {p = rho (density of

 the fluid) and g = gravity}

 So applying Bernoulli's theorem to the case of a horizontal pipe that has a

 constriction you can determine the rate of flow of the fluid passing through

 if you know the pressure of the fluid and the area of the pipe at the widest

 part or at the narrowest part by simply rearranging the equation for the

 unknown. 

 So if you want to know P2 (the exit pressure for the narrow segment)

 rearrange the equation to read as:

 P2 = P1 + pg(h1-h2) +p/2(v1 squared - v2 squared).

 Now having said all that, Bernoulli's theorem has many applications. The

 carb is an atomizer, the filter pump is an aspirator, and our wing, the air

 foil. Last but not least is the 2 year old child lying on the stretcher in

 ER unable to breath due to bacterial epiglotitis obstructing the larynx

 caused by Strep. In this case, the orifice (larynx) is narrowed by a

 edematous epiglottis impeding flow of air. By manipulating the viscosity of

 the gas by adding helium to the O2, we can support that child (maintain the

 %Sat = 02 saturation) long enough to get them to the OR to intubate them. I

 did not discuss viscosity as it affects the flow of a fluid through a

 constriction did I?

 For a further explaination, I refer you to College Physics by , Weber,

 White, Manning and Waygand, Chapter 13, "Fluids in Motion", pp.241-255. Well

 you do not have to go to my specific textbook, anyone that discusses fluid

 mechanics can clarify this.

 Doc

 

 

 

 --

ChangDriver

Joined: 15 Sep 2007
Posts: 266

Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 6:14 pm Post subject: Re: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Doc:



Gotta give it to ya...pullin' out those old textbooks.  I've packed mine away.  However, from my engineering days, you are right on with Mr. Bernoulli.  Air is a "fluid" that is in motion, hence his law applies.



By the way, some folks don't think Bernoulli's Law applies to aircraft wings as the reason for them generating lift.  Check out http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/airflylvl3.htm for a different view of lift!!



Craig

l39parts(at)hotmail.com
Guest

Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 8:38 am Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

One guy's opinion is as good as the next in politics and religion, but 

physics is testable, provable, and consistant.  Bernoulli's law has nothing 

to do with the gear retraction matter.  Mark and Brian are right.

[quote]From: Yak Pilot <yakplt(at)yahoo.com>

Reply-To: yak-list(at)matronics.com

To: yak-list(at)matronics.com

Subject: RE: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Date: Sat, 15 Sep 2007 12:28:14 -0700 (PDT)



Doc...... I disagree.  



   Mark

viperdoc <viperdoc(at)mindspring.com> wrote:

   



Mark,

You are absolutely correct in your reference to Boyle's law, Charles Law,

and Avagadro's law as they reference fluids at rest. In this case you are

looking at a fluid in motion. The term "fluid" applies to both a liquid and

a gas. A tube (line) having a constriction section between a larger 

diameter

inlet and the outlet section is called a "venture tube". In this case, a

smaller diameter tube in between two larger diameter tubes (lines). Whereas

point a is the entry point and point b is the exit point of the fluid as it

flows from the larger diameter tube to the end of the smaller diameter tube

you have introduced a constriction. So basically, you have flow thru a

constriction. In other words when you have a fluid flowing through a pipe 

of

varying cross-sectional area there can be no accumulation between a and b,

provided that fluid is incompressible. Hence the mass of the fluid passing

through the cross section A1 with speed v1 must equal the mass passing in

the same time (t) through cross section A2 with speed v2, where rho (p) is

the density of the fluid (since my computer does not do the Greek alphabet,

rho is p in this case).

A1v1pt = A2v2pt

So since A1v1 = A2v2, it follows that the speed of flow in a pipe is 

greater

in those regions where there is a constriction in the cross-section area

(A). [The smaller diameter tube (line)]. Furthermore, the speed is greater

at point b than at a, the fluid experiences an acceleration between a and 

b.

This requires an accelerating force. This accelerating force can be present

only if the pressure at point a is greater than the pressure a point b. So

in a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure is least where the speed is

greatest. So when a gas or a liquid enters the narrow part of the tube (the

constriction), it speeds up in the narrow part of the tube (line) and there

is a corresponding drop in pressure.

Bernoulli's theorem looks at the relationship between the pressure at any

point in a fluid and velocity of the fluid at that point. The movement of

the particles of fluid in a linear line through the tube is defined as a

streamline. Bernoulli's theorem states that at any two points along a

streamline the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and

the potential energy per unit volume has the same value.

Now the mathematical expression of that is as follows:

P1 +1/2pv1 squared + pgh1 = P2 = 1/2 pv2 squared +pgh2.

P = pressure

P = rho (density)

V = volumne

g = gravity

h = head [in a pressure- depth relation the depth (h) is frequently called

the "head"]. In a Pressure head, the h is equal to P/pg {p = rho (density 

of

the fluid) and g = gravity}

So applying Bernoulli's theorem to the case of a horizontal pipe that has a

constriction you can determine the rate of flow of the fluid passing 

through

if you know the pressure of the fluid and the area of the pipe at the 

widest

part or at the narrowest part by simply rearranging the equation for the

unknown.

So if you want to know P2 (the exit pressure for the narrow segment)

rearrange the equation to read as:

P2 = P1 + pg(h1-h2) +p/2(v1 squared - v2 squared).

Now having said all that, Bernoulli's theorem has many applications. The

carb is an atomizer, the filter pump is an aspirator, and our wing, the air

foil. Last but not least is the 2 year old child lying on the stretcher in

ER unable to breath due to bacterial epiglotitis obstructing the larynx

caused by Strep. In this case, the orifice (larynx) is narrowed by a

edematous epiglottis impeding flow of air. By manipulating the viscosity of

the gas by adding helium to the O2, we can support that child (maintain the

%Sat = 02 saturation) long enough to get them to the OR to intubate them. I

did not discuss viscosity as it affects the flow of a fluid through a

constriction did I?

For a further explaination, I refer you to College Physics by , Weber,

White, Manning and Waygand, Chapter 13, "Fluids in Motion", pp.241-255. 

Well

you do not have to go to my specific textbook, anyone that discusses fluid

mechanics can clarify this.

Doc



--

l39parts(at)hotmail.com
Guest

Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 8:39 am Post subject: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

One guy's opinion is as good as the next in politics and religion, but 

physics is testable, provable, and consistant.  Bernoulli's law has nothing 

to do with the gear retraction matter.  Mark and Brian are right.

[quote]From: Yak Pilot <yakplt(at)yahoo.com>

Reply-To: yak-list(at)matronics.com

To: yak-list(at)matronics.com

Subject: RE: UOTERE: Re: MF'ing air system! Yak-50

Date: Sat, 15 Sep 2007 12:28:14 -0700 (PDT)



Doc...... I disagree.  



   Mark

viperdoc <viperdoc(at)mindspring.com> wrote:

   



Mark,

You are absolutely correct in your reference to Boyle's law, Charles Law,

and Avagadro's law as they reference fluids at rest. In this case you are

looking at a fluid in motion. The term "fluid" applies to both a liquid and

a gas. A tube (line) having a constriction section between a larger 

diameter

inlet and the outlet section is called a "venture tube". In this case, a

smaller diameter tube in between two larger diameter tubes (lines). Whereas

point a is the entry point and point b is the exit point of the fluid as it

flows from the larger diameter tube to the end of the smaller diameter tube

you have introduced a constriction. So basically, you have flow thru a

constriction. In other words when you have a fluid flowing through a pipe 

of

varying cross-sectional area there can be no accumulation between a and b,

provided that fluid is incompressible. Hence the mass of the fluid passing

through the cross section A1 with speed v1 must equal the mass passing in

the same time (t) through cross section A2 with speed v2, where rho (p) is

the density of the fluid (since my computer does not do the Greek alphabet,

rho is p in this case).

A1v1pt = A2v2pt

So since A1v1 = A2v2, it follows that the speed of flow in a pipe is 

greater

in those regions where there is a constriction in the cross-section area

(A). [The smaller diameter tube (line)]. Furthermore, the speed is greater

at point b than at a, the fluid experiences an acceleration between a and 

b.

This requires an accelerating force. This accelerating force can be present

only if the pressure at point a is greater than the pressure a point b. So

in a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure is least where the speed is

greatest. So when a gas or a liquid enters the narrow part of the tube (the

constriction), it speeds up in the narrow part of the tube (line) and there

is a corresponding drop in pressure.

Bernoulli's theorem looks at the relationship between the pressure at any

point in a fluid and velocity of the fluid at that point. The movement of

the particles of fluid in a linear line through the tube is defined as a

streamline. Bernoulli's theorem states that at any two points along a

streamline the sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and

the potential energy per unit volume has the same value.

Now the mathematical expression of that is as follows:

P1 +1/2pv1 squared + pgh1 = P2 = 1/2 pv2 squared +pgh2.

P = pressure

P = rho (density)

V = volumne

g = gravity

h = head [in a pressure- depth relation the depth (h) is frequently called

the "head"]. In a Pressure head, the h is equal to P/pg {p = rho (density 

of

the fluid) and g = gravity}

So applying Bernoulli's theorem to the case of a horizontal pipe that has a

constriction you can determine the rate of flow of the fluid passing 

through

if you know the pressure of the fluid and the area of the pipe at the 

widest

part or at the narrowest part by simply rearranging the equation for the

unknown.

So if you want to know P2 (the exit pressure for the narrow segment)

rearrange the equation to read as:

P2 = P1 + pg(h1-h2) +p/2(v1 squared - v2 squared).

Now having said all that, Bernoulli's theorem has many applications. The

carb is an atomizer, the filter pump is an aspirator, and our wing, the air

foil. Last but not least is the 2 year old child lying on the stretcher in

ER unable to breath due to bacterial epiglotitis obstructing the larynx

caused by Strep. In this case, the orifice (larynx) is narrowed by a

edematous epiglottis impeding flow of air. By manipulating the viscosity of

the gas by adding helium to the O2, we can support that child (maintain the

%Sat = 02 saturation) long enough to get them to the OR to intubate them. I

did not discuss viscosity as it affects the flow of a fluid through a

constriction did I?

For a further explaination, I refer you to College Physics by , Weber,

White, Manning and Waygand, Chapter 13, "Fluids in Motion", pp.241-255. 

Well

you do not have to go to my specific textbook, anyone that discusses fluid

mechanics can clarify this.

Doc



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