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Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start?
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smineart(at)mahaska.org
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 3:59 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

The obsolescence of the avionics switch and bus has been well-discussed,
but: is a Dynon EFIS on the E-bus vulnerable to current fluctuations during
engine startup? My ignition and starter will be powered from the always-hot
battery bus, so I could wait to switch on the master until immediately after
starting- would this be advisable? Does the display need its own switch?
Steve Mineart
CH-601/Corvair
Do not archive


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FLYaDIVE(at)aol.com
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 4:42 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

In a message dated 8/30/2006 8:06:57 AM Eastern Standard Time, smineart(at)mahaska.org writes:
Quote:
The obsolescence of the avionics switch and bus has been well-discussed,
but: is a Dynon EFIS on the E-bus vulnerable to current fluctuations during
engine startup? My ignition and starter will be powered from the always-hot
battery bus, so I could wait to switch on the master until immediately after
starting- would this be advisable? Does the display need its own switch?
Steve Mineart
CH-601/Corvair
Do not archive

===========================================
Steve:


I spoke with Blue Mountain and they said to keep the EFIS off until after start up. I also shut the EFIS down before shutting down the engine. I installed a Pull CB to act as a switch.


Barry
"Chop'd Liver"

"Show them the first time, correct them the second time, kick them the third
time."
Yamashiada


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Bill Denton



Joined: 10 Jan 2006
Posts: 97
Location: Chicago, IL USA

PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 4:56 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

Dynon disagrees...

The following exchange came from Dynon's message board:

Question: "I've just installed my D10A and as advised in the instructions wired it through a 2 amp fuse. Since I didn't order the internal battery, I did not connect the "stay alive" wire and also did not install a separate power switch. The unit comes on when I turn on the master switch without my pressing the unit's power button. I assume this in normal, but can I have problems with power spikes during engine start? Should I install a separate power switch in the Dynon circuit? If not, should I turn off the EFIS before engine start?"


Answer, from Dynon Support:

"The EFIS is indeed designed to come alive when power is applied.

Many customers install the EFIS in exactly the same electrical configuration you have set up. The unit will not be damaged by having it on during engine start, but it may reboot if the voltage momentarily drops below 10V.

Also, since you did not purchase the internal battery, you may want to connect the keep alive wire to power the clock when your master switch is off. Otherwise it will reset after every power cycle."

I hope this is useful...











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planepubs(at)ev1.net
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 5:52 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

And I think that I would spring for a $10 switch as just a tiny bit more protection on my $3000 instrument.

Spikes Happen


Al
General Aviation - Pricing People Out Daily



On 08/30/2006 7:56:01 AM, Bill Denton (bdenton(at)bdenton.com (bdenton(at)bdenton.com)) wrote:
[quote] Dynon disagrees...

The following exchange came from
Dynon's message board:

Question: "I've just installed my D10A and as
advised in the instructions wired it through a 2 amp fuse. Since I
didn't order the internal battery, I did not connect the "stay alive" wire and also did not install a separate power switch. The unit comes on when I turn on the master switch without my pressing the unit's
power button. I assume this in normal, but can I have problems with power
spikes during engine start? Should I install a separate power switch in
the Dynon circuit? If not, should I turn off the EFIS before engine
start?"


Answer, from Dynon Support:

"The EFIS is indeed
designed to come alive when power is applied.

Many customers install the EFIS in exactly the same electrical
configuration you have set up. The unit will not be damaged by having it
on during engine start, but it may reboot if the voltage momentarily drops
below 10V.

Also, since you did not purchase the internal battery, you may want to
connect the keep alive wire to power the clock when your master switch is
off. Otherwise it will reset after every power [quote][b]


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denis.walsh(at)comcast.ne
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 6:01 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

I can add a bit to this.
Mine is a D-100 but essentially the same.  

It has never blinked on engine start.  This may very well be because I have an internal battery.   However, The good news is that if it does require a reboot, it comes up with a useable attitude and airspeed in a few seconds (three to five).  The altitude tape takes another while.  This rapid erection is so fast and has seemed so reliable that I have checked it in flight several times when the system  has become addled after multiple gyrations caused by continuous loops, cloverleafs and whifferdills.  In each case it comes up, in level flight, in the same five seconds.  If left on its own, it can take almost a minute to get straight after a good thrashing.

I should hasten to add that this does not happen very often, although I do the multiple aerobatic quite often.

I really like the unit, especially since the new horizontal compass card is available as a split screen option.

Denis Walsh

On Aug 30, 2006, at 07:56 249610008, Bill Denton wrote:
[quote] Dynon disagrees...
 
The following exchange came from Dynon's message board:
 
Question: "I've just installed my D10A and as advised in the instructions wired it through a 2 amp fuse.  Since I didn't order the internal battery, I did not connect the "stay alive" wire and also did not install a separate power switch.  The unit comes on when I turn on the master switch without my pressing the unit's power button.  I assume this in normal, but can I have problems with power spikes during engine start?  Should I install a separate power switch in the Dynon circuit?  If not, should I turn off the EFIS before engine start?"
 
 
Answer, from Dynon Support:

"The EFIS is indeed designed to come alive when power is applied.
 
Many customers install the EFIS in exactly the same electrical configuration you have set up. The unit will not be damaged by having it on during engine start, but it may reboot if the voltage momentarily drops below 10V.
 
Also, since you did not purchase the internal battery, you may want to connect the keep alive wire to power the clock when your master switch is off. Otherwise it will reset after every power cycle."
 
I hope this is useful...
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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nuckollsr(at)cox.net
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 6:01 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

At 08:41 AM 8/30/2006 -0400, you wrote:

Quote:
In a message dated 8/30/2006 8:06:57 AM Eastern Standard Time,
smineart(at)mahaska.org writes:
The obsolescence of the avionics switch and bus has been well-discussed,
but: is a Dynon EFIS on the E-bus vulnerable to current fluctuations during
engine startup? My ignition and starter will be powered from the always-hot
battery bus, so I could wait to switch on the master until immediately after
starting- would this be advisable? Does the display need its own switch?
Steve Mineart
CH-601/Corvair
Do not archive

===========================================
Steve:
I spoke with Blue Mountain and they said to keep the EFIS off until after
start up. I also shut the EFIS down before shutting down the engine. I
installed a Pull CB to act as a switch.

I believe the question was about a Dynon system, not
Blue Mountain. Hopefully, the folks at Dynon are a bit
more agile in their management of input power
perturbations than Blue Mountain . . . the very
best source of lucid answer is from Dynon. Let us
know what they say.

A side note: I'll suggest that your ignition system
operate from the always hot bus as you've described
but the starter control should power from the main
bus so that it's disabled when the master switch
is OFF.

Bob . . .

---------------------------------------------------------
< What is so wonderful about scientific truth...is that >
< the authority which determines whether there can be >
< debate or not does not reside in some fraternity of >
< scientists; nor is it divine. The authority rests >
< with experiment. >
< --Lawrence M. Krauss >
---------------------------------------------------------


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nuckollsr(at)cox.net
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 6:08 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

At 07:56 AM 8/30/2006 -0500, you wrote:

Quote:
Dynon disagrees...

The following exchange came from Dynon's message board:

Question: "I've just installed my D10A and as advised in the instructions
wired it through a 2 amp fuse. Since I didn't order the internal battery,
I did not connect the "stay alive" wire and also did not install a
separate power switch. The unit comes on when I turn on the master switch
without my pressing the unit's power button. I assume this in normal, but
can I have problems with power spikes during engine start? Should I
install a separate power switch in the Dynon circuit? If not, should I
turn off the EFIS before engine start?"
Answer, from Dynon Support:

"The EFIS is indeed designed to come alive when power is applied.

Many customers install the EFIS in exactly the same electrical
configuration you have set up. The unit will not be damaged by having it
on during engine start, but it may reboot if the voltage momentarily drops
below 10V.

Also, since you did not purchase the internal battery, you may want to
connect the keep alive wire to power the clock when your master switch is
off. Otherwise it will reset after every power cycle."

I hope this is useful...

Aha! thank you sir for doing this research
and offering the resulting data.

If I'm interpreting their reply correctly, it
is useful to run their keep-alive wire to
the always hot battery bus to support the internal
clock.

I note that Dynon has published their installation
manuals at:

http://www.dynonavionics.com/docs/support_documentation.html

I've not read them in detail but what I had time
to look at seems lucid and complete . . . including
descriptions of the connector pin-outs.

Bob . . .


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Terry Watson



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 290
Location: Seattle, WA USA

PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 7:47 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

Blue Mountain’s EFIS/one was designed by someone who thinks all airplanes should have a 28 volt electrical system, so it can’t handle the drop in voltage during engine start. But, it also has all of my engine gauges, so I had to install a second battery to keep the engine and starter on separate busses during start-up. Maybe I should have just relied on a low oil pressure light to tell me what I really need to know about the engine during start-up.

Terry
RV-8A still finishing
Seattle




I spoke with Blue Mountain and they said to keep the EFIS off until after start up. I also shut the EFIS down before shutting down the engine. I installed a Pull CB to act as a switch.





Barry
"Chop'd Liver"




[quote]

matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List

[b]


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FLYaDIVE(at)aol.com
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 8:06 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

Terry:
I also have the Grand Rapids EIS in the same plane and their instructions are to leave it on all the time.
Go Figure!

Barry
===================
Blue Mountain’s EFIS/one was designed by someone who thinks all airplanes should have a 28 volt electrical system, so it can’t handle the drop in voltage during engine start. But, it also has all of my engine gauges, so I had to install a second battery to keep the engine and starter on separate busses during start-up. Maybe I should have just relied on a low oil pressure light to tell me what I really need to know about the engine during start-up.

Terry
RV-8A still finishing
Seattle




I spoke with Blue Mountain and they said to keep the EFIS off until after start up. I also shut the EFIS down before shutting down the engine. I installed a Pull CB to act as a switch.





Barry
"Chop'd Liver"

[quote][b]


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bicyclop(at)pacbell.net
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 8:21 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

We’ve got a D-10 without internal battery in our RV, on the E-bus. When the master and/or E-bus switches are turned on before start, the EFIS comes on. Starting the engine browns it out. Sometimes it comes back up, sometimes it doesn’t and must be disconnected by momentarily pulling the breaker before it will re-boot. Thus, we have written into the checklist to verify breaker pulled before start and at shutdown.

Incidentally, we have a LSE Plasma 1 ignition on one side and it starts reliably with never a kickback even though we are (apparently) dropping the bus voltage below 10v.

Pax,

Ed Holyoke

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N6030X(at)DaveMorris.com
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 8:31 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

You could stick something like this in between your electrical system
and your EFIS:
http://store.mp3car.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=PWR-012

This will handle short complete outages of power and is designed to
keep a PC running in a car even during cranking.
There's a whole crop of "carputer" devices that are showing up now,
that may be interesting for aviation.

Dave Morris

At 10:46 AM 8/30/2006, you wrote:
Quote:
Blue Mountain's EFIS/one was designed by someone who thinks all
airplanes should have a 28 volt electrical system, so it can't
handle the drop in voltage during engine start. But, it also has all
of my engine gauges, so I had to install a second battery to keep
the engine and starter on separate busses during start-up. Maybe I
should have just relied on a low oil pressure light to tell me what
I really need to know about the engine during start-up.

Terry
RV-8A still finishing
Seattle
I spoke with Blue Mountain and they said to keep the EFIS off until
after start up. I also shut the EFIS down before shutting down the
engine. I installed a Pull CB to act as a switch.
Barry
"Chop'd Liver"

<http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List>http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List
<http://www.matronics.com/contribution>http://www.matronics.com/contribution



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nuckollsr(at)cox.net
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 8:35 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

At 12:05 PM 8/30/2006 -0400, you wrote:
Quote:
I also have the Grand Rapids EIS in the same plane and their instructions
are to leave it on all the time.
Go Figure!
===================


Quote:
Blue Mountain's EFIS/one was designed by someone who thinks all airplanes
should have a 28 volt electrical system, so it can't handle the drop in
voltage during engine start. But, it also has all of my engine gauges, so
I had to install a second battery to keep the engine and starter on
separate busses during start-up. Maybe I should have just relied on a low
oil pressure light to tell me what I really need to know about the engine
during start-up.
===================


Quote:
I spoke with Blue Mountain and they said to keep the EFIS off until after
start up. I also shut the EFIS down before shutting down the engine. I
installed a Pull CB to act as a switch.


DO-160 design philosophies have been with us for
decades. It's unfortunate that some otherwise
capable individuals do not take advantage of
recipes for success that are free for the taking.

Bob . . .
---------------------------------------------------------
< What is so wonderful about scientific truth...is that >
< the authority which determines whether there can be >
< debate or not does not reside in some fraternity of >
< scientists; nor is it divine. The authority rests >
< with experiment. >
< --Lawrence M. Krauss >
---------------------------------------------------------


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brian-av(at)lloyd.com
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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 9:00 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

On Aug 30, 2006, at 6:51 AM, A DeMarzo wrote:

Quote:
And I think that I would spring for a $10 switch as just a tiny bit
more protection on my $3000 instrument.

Spikes Happen

This is an old wives' tale. I am amazed at how long this one has
persisted. The only "spike" are you going to have to deal with in
your airplane is load-dump from the alternator after turning off a
big load. And that will be absorbed by the battery. The "spike" that
happens during start is just the voltage sag due to the huge load
presented by the starter. If you don't believe me, put a 'scope on
your bus and watch it while starting the engine. No "spike".

Hasn't this one been beaten to death?

And as for Blue Mountain telling you to turn off your EFIS during
start, that is only a problem with 14V electrical systems where the
starter can draw the bus down to a voltage below which the BM-EFIS'
power supply will work. That is why Greg at BM likes 28V electrical
systems. His equipment does not reboot during start with a 28V
electrical system. It makes sense to me too.

Brian Lloyd 361 Catterline Way
brian HYPHEN av AT lloyd DOT com Folsom, CA 95630
+1.916.367.2131 (voice) +1.270.912.0788 (fax)

I fly because it releases my mind from the tyranny of petty things . . .
— Antoine de Saint-Exupéry


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Terry Watson



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 290
Location: Seattle, WA USA

PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 10:18 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

Let's see: Bluemountain designed their EFIS for experimental aircraft. The
biggest single segment of experimental aircraft are RV's. There must be some
but I have never heard of 28 volt RV. Every one I have ever seen was a 14
volt design. Most other experimental aircraft that I am aware of are also 14
volt designs.

Either Greg made a serious mistake in accessing the needs of his potential
market, or I have a serious case of tunnel vision. Nothing in his sales
literature says anything about it not working with a 14 volt system.

But maybe I'm just in a crappy mood about BMA at the moment. I tried to
install the latest update to the software in my BMA EFIS/one last night and
it locked up on me -- again. The last time this happened I had to ship it
back to Tennessee, which cost $85 just for shipping. (But they didn't charge
for the repair and updating some of the internal hardware and software.) I
am now waiting for their support to answer my email or return my phone call.

Terry

<snip>

And as for Blue Mountain telling you to turn off your EFIS during
start, that is only a problem with 14V electrical systems where the
starter can draw the bus down to a voltage below which the BM-EFIS'
power supply will work. That is why Greg at BM likes 28V electrical
systems. His equipment does not reboot during start with a 28V
electrical system. It makes sense to me too.

Brian Lloyd 361 Catterline Way
brian HYPHEN av AT lloyd DOT com Folsom, CA 95630
+1.916.367.2131 (voice) +1.270.912.0788 (fax)

I fly because it releases my mind from the tyranny of petty things . . .
— Antoine de Saint-Exupéry


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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 11:45 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

In a message dated 8/30/06 2:22:29 PM Eastern Daylight Time,
terry(at)tcwatson.com writes:

Quote:
But maybe I'm just in a crappy mood about BMA at the moment. I tried to
install the latest update to the software in my BMA EFIS/one last night and
it locked up on me -- again. The last time this happened I had to ship it
back to Tennessee, which cost $85 just for shipping. (But they didn't
charge

Quote:
for the repair and updating some of the internal hardware and software.) I
am now waiting for their support to answer my email or return my phone
call.

Quote:

Terry
======================

Terry:

I can't blame you ... My NEW unit FAILED the first time I installed it. I
knew what was wrong (bad accelerometer) but after calling them the tech dept.
wanted me to upgrade the software. $35 for a connection cable (50 ft long - no
short ones available) and two hours of trying to down load and configure ...
I called them back .. This time I was lucky and talked to the BOSS. In
seconds he confirmed that it was the accelerometer and told me to ship it back.
They did the software upgrade and the unit is in and working. All at no charge.
But, WHY did it fail ... A brand new unit? I can't blame BMA for an
accelerometer problem, they did not make it. But, now I am always wondering if it is
going to fail, especially when I would need it the most.

Barry
"Chop'd Liver"

"Show them the first time, correct them the second time, kick them the third
time."
Yamashiada


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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 12:34 pm    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

In a message dated 8/30/06 12:39:51 PM Eastern Daylight Time,
nuckollsr(at)cox.net writes:

Quote:
DO-160 design philosophies have been with us for
decades. It's unfortunate that some otherwise
capable individuals do not take advantage of
recipes for success that are free for the taking.

Bob . . .

========================

Bob:

What individuals? I did not design the EFIS, guess you are referring to BMA.
I wish I would have been consulted on functions and layout, but what do I
know? I only have install it and use it!
I'm not impressed with the GPS screens or the mounting method, or how they
didn't hook up the magnetometer. And I'm still trying to get the bugs out with
the Pitot - Static System and its readings (I have a DUAL system - EFIS and
Steam gages).

Barry
"Chop'd Liver"

"Show them the first time, correct them the second time, kick them the third
time."
Yamashiada


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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 4:06 pm    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

At 04:33 PM 8/30/2006 -0400, you wrote:

Quote:


In a message dated 8/30/06 12:39:51 PM Eastern Daylight Time,
nuckollsr(at)cox.net writes:

> DO-160 design philosophies have been with us for
> decades. It's unfortunate that some otherwise
> capable individuals do not take advantage of
> recipes for success that are free for the taking.
>
> Bob . . .
>
========================
Bob:

What individuals? I did not design the EFIS, guess you are referring to BMA.
I wish I would have been consulted on functions and layout, but what do I
know? I only have install it and use it!

All individuals. Many who do not have a background in
TC aircraft are not cognizant of the dragons already slain
in decades of effort by those who have gone before us.
Virtually every individual I've met who had an idea and
starry-eyed dream (Including Greg) was offered no-charge,
design assistance with packaging, power conditioning and I/O
configurations that are proven ingredients in the recipe
for success. Only a tiny fraction have accepted the offer.

Quote:
I'm not impressed with the GPS screens or the mounting method, or how they
didn't hook up the magnetometer. And I'm still trying to get the bugs out
with
the Pitot - Static System and its readings (I have a DUAL system - EFIS and
Steam gages).

And all those are performance and systems integration issues.
Let us all hope that once those snakes are sacked and tied
that environmental worms don't spill out. Those issues
are generally beyond the ability of the installer
to deal with and are the responsibility of the manufacturer.

Bob . . .


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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 5:12 pm    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

begs the question, what about the current crop of electronic engine
instruments, ya all keep them off till u engine is running.
What good are they if u can't have them on during engine start Wink
so u wait till the engine is running, switch u electronic instruments on
to discover u have no oil pressure, oops....somehow i don't think i want
Blue Mountain to check my oil pressure if i have to have their system
off during engine start.

A DeMarzo wrote:
Quote:
And I think that I would spring for a $10 switch as just a tiny bit
more protection on my $3000 instrument.

Spikes Happen

Al
General Aviation - Pricing People Out Daily



On 08/30/2006 7:56:01 AM, Bill Denton (bdenton(at)bdenton.com
<mailto:bdenton(at)bdenton.com>) wrote:
> Dynon disagrees...
>
> The following exchange came from
> Dynon's message board:
>
> Question: "I've just installed my D10A and as
> advised in the instructions wired it through a 2 amp fuse. Since I
> didn't order the internal battery, I did not connect the "stay
alive" wire and also did not install a separate power switch. The unit
comes on when I turn on the master switch without my pressing the unit's
> power button. I assume this in normal, but can I have problems with
power
> spikes during engine start? Should I install a separate power switch in
> the Dynon circuit? If not, should I turn off the EFIS before engine
> start?"
>
>
> Answer, from Dynon Support:
>
> "The EFIS is indeed
> designed to come alive when power is applied.
>
> Many customers install the EFIS in exactly the same electrical
> configuration you have set up. The unit will not be damaged by having it
> on during engine start, but it may reboot if the voltage momentarily
drops
> below 10V.
>
> Also, since you did not purchase the internal battery, you may want to
> connect the keep alive wire to power the clock when your master
switch is
> off. Otherwise it will reset after every power
*
*

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PostPosted: Wed Aug 30, 2006 5:52 pm    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

At 08:10 PM 8/30/2006 -0500, you wrote:

Quote:


begs the question, what about the current crop of electronic engine
instruments, ya all keep them off till u engine is running.
What good are they if u can't have them on during engine start Wink
so u wait till the engine is running, switch u electronic instruments on
to discover u have no oil pressure, oops....somehow i don't think i want
Blue Mountain to check my oil pressure if i have to have their system off
during engine start.

The risks are exceedingly low. I suppose there are
folks who tell tales of having lost an engine when a pump
shaft sheared on startup . . . but think about it. Just
how highly stressed are the oil pump parts? If one is
really worried about a bullet proof oil pressure indication
at startup, perhaps a pressure switch and "OIL P WARN" light
in the annunciator panel is called for.

I wouldn't put engine instrumentation on the e-bus. 99.999% of
the time, engine instruments show the same things they said
the last time you looked at them. Loss of some engine functionality
in addition to loss of alternator on same tank of fuel is exceedingly
remote. Or, one could install an SD-8 for unlimited endurance on
an 8 Amp e-bus and flip the instrumentation on from time to time.

Bob . . .


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PostPosted: Thu Aug 31, 2006 3:14 am    Post subject: Is EFIS vulnerable at engine start? Reply with quote

In a message dated 8/30/06 9:15:25 PM Eastern Daylight Time,
gert.v(at)sbcglobal.net writes:

Quote:
begs the question, what about the current crop of electronic engine
instruments, ya all keep them off till u engine is running.
What good are they if u can't have them on during engine start Wink
so u wait till the engine is running, switch u electronic instruments on
to discover u have no oil pressure, oops....somehow i don't think i want
Blue Mountain to check my oil pressure if i have to have their system
off during engine start.
======================

I do not know if Blue Mountain (BMA) has an EIS. What I was mentioning was
the EFIS system. There is also a huge difference between the electronics of an
EFIS or Com radio and a simple sending unit and gage used for fuel quantity,
oil temp & pressure and the like.
Now, Grand Rapids states KEEP THE UNIT ON. So there is a difference in
electrical design between the two or at least their thinking!

Barry
"Chop'd Liver"

"Show them the first time, correct them the second time, kick them the third
time."
Yamashiada


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